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户外第一杀手低体温症(hypothermia)的病因预防症状及救护

低体温症(hypothermia)的病因预防症状及救护:
     严重hypothermia的病人会瞳孔放大,没有心跳,没有呼吸,但并没有死亡。那时一分钟仅2至3次心跳即可维持。在没有预先知识的情况下,谁会摸出每分钟仅2至3次的微弱心跳呢。那种情况下的正确方法是在保暖后,持续长时间的做人工呼吸。有过这样的病例,病人在没有心跳后, 经过三个半小时的人工呼吸被救活过来且没有留下任何的脑神经伤害。
  山友们由于缺乏某些户外运动的知识而付出这么大的代价,太可惜了。而且责任不在他们,因为国内小学到大学的16年教育,出版物,甚至中文网站上居然没有相关的知识。没有能在中文网页找到任何有用的与户外运动中的 hypothermia(低体温症?)及hyperthermia(过高热症?)相关的文字。
  编写这篇关于hypothermia(低体温症)的短文贡献给国内热爱户外的朋友们,希望大家随意转贴,编辑,任意使用,无需给出处。要弄明白脱水(dehydration),过高热症 (hyperthermia), 和低体温症(hypothermia)的病因,预防,症状,及救护。以及它们之间的关系和区别。还要知道风寒(wind chill)的概念,防冷防风防湿。

  病因
  人的正常体温是37C度。低体温症是受害者的核心温度下落到35C度以下.如果体温下跌在32C以下,情况会变得严重并最终致命。相反情况, 温度太高的是hyperthermia(过高热症).
  关于人的体温,有两个相反的因素相互作用。低温,大风,和湿的内衣使人寒冷。只有运动和颤抖可以使身体产生热量。衣服,避风所,和脂肪层可以防止热量散发,但不会生成热量。
  出汗通过蒸发而降低体温。寒冷时的颤抖通过增加肌肉活动所需的化学反应而生成热量。颤抖最多能增加达500%的体表热量生成,但只能在几个小时内有效,因为最终会导致肌肉的葡萄糖过度减少和疲劳。
  在寒冷且大风的山上,体力透支的运动后,天黑降温,穿着湿的内衣,如果是全棉内衣且服装不够保暖,又没有帽子和手套,躺下后不再运动,此时制热和保温的因素长时间小于散热的因素,就可能导致低体温症。


  预防
  户外运动时不可以穿全棉内衣。有专门设计的
面料帮助把汗单方向排到内衣的外层。通常穿化纤的内衣即可。全棉内衣平时是好的,长时间户外活动时是最糟糕的。
  寒冷的天气下一定要带帽子. 在空气里, 多数热通过头部丢失。
  症状
  1. 控制不住的颤抖。
  2. 无法完成复杂的动作,特别是手不听使唤。
  3. 神志不清,言语含糊。
  4. 剧烈颤抖。
  5. 不合常理的举动,例如,脱掉外衣而不知道其实很冷。
  6. 皮肤发白,变青。
  7. 瞳孔放大。
  8. 心跳巨减。
  9. 肌肉发硬。
  10. 在32C度时身体进入"冬眠"状态(hibernation),关闭手臂和腿部的血流,急剧降低心跳和呼吸频率。
  11. 在30C度时身体进入新陈代谢几乎停止的"冰人"状态(metabolic icebox),看似死亡了,但仍然是活的。


  救护
  1. 确保病人身体干燥的。一定要脱掉湿的内衣
  2. 降低热散失。方法有,换干的衣服,多加外衣,避风所,增加运动强度。
  3. 食物和料。最好是温热含糖的饮料不可以有酒精,咖啡因和尼古丁
  4. 外部取热烤火在睡袋中与一个健康人相拥
  5. 安置温热水袋在伤者腋窝和腿之间
  6. 不可以直接加热.
  7. 不可以按摩或摩擦病人的身体.
  8. 不可以尝试使手臂与腿变暖, 那会使冷的血流回心肺和脑部, 导致核心体温进一步下降, 这是致命的
  9. 病人如果身体是冰冷的,那一定还没有死亡。
  10. 准备做长达几个小时的人工呼吸
不灭de传说发表于2010-04-25 01:52
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    不灭de传说
    世界著名的 MAYO CLINIC 关于 hypothermia 的官方文章。

    http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypothermia/DS00333/DSECTION=7

      

    转自ezlife.com

    英文原文及翻译如下(水平有限,如有不当,请不吝赐教)

    Hypothermia(低体温症)

    Treatment(治疗)
    Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. (任何人出现“低体温症”,应立即接受治疗)
    Until medical help is available, follow these guidelines for caring for someone
    with hypothermia.(在得到正式治疗前,请遵循下面的指引对患者进行保护和救治)

    What to do(应做什么?)
    1. Move the person out of the cold.(将患者搬离寒冷的地方。) Preventing additional heat loss is crucial. (防止其他可能的热量损失是非常重要的。)
    If you're unable to move the person out of the cold, shield the person from
    the cold and wind as best you can. (如果你不能令患者离开寒冷的环境,应尽可能令患者避免继续受冷和风吹。)

    2.Remove wet clothing. (脱下湿的衣物)If the person is wearing wet clothing, remove it and replace it with a dry covering. (如果患者穿着湿的衣物,脱下它并为其换上干的衣服。)Cover the person's head. (遮挡患者的头部,戴帽)Try not to move the person too much. (尽量不要过多移动患者)Cut away clothing if you need to. (如果需要,可脱掉衣服。)

    3. Insulate the person's body from the cold ground.(将患者与寒冷的地面隔离开) Lay the person faceup on a blanket or other warm surface. (令患者仰卧于毯子或其他温暖的表面上)

    4.Monitor breathing. (检测呼吸)A person with severe hypothermia may appear unconscious, (当发生严重“低体温症”时,患者会不省人事)with no apparent signs of a pulse or breathing.(无明显得脉搏和呼吸) If the person's breathing has stopped or appears dangerously low or shallow, (如果患者出现呼吸停止或危险的很浅的呼吸)begin cardiopulmonary
    resuscitation (CPR) immediately if you're trained. (如果你曾经接受过心肺复苏训练,立即对其进行心肺复苏)

    5. Share body heat. (分享体温)To warm the person's body, remove your clothing and lie next to the person, making skin-to-skin contact.(脱去你的衣服,躺卧,与患者紧密接触 以温暖患者的身体)Then cover both bodies with a blanket. (同时两人皆盖上被子)

    6.Provide warm beverages. (提供暖的饮料)If the affected person is alert and is able to swallow, (如果患者尚有知觉并可吞咽)have the person drink a warm, nonalcoholic beverage to help warm the body. (给他饮用暖的,不含酒精的饮料以帮助身体恢复体温)

    What not to do(什么不可以做?)
    1.Don't apply direct heat. (不能直接加热)Don't use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the victim.(不能用热水,热的垫子或热的灯照直接加热患者) Instead, apply warm compresses to the neck, chest wall and groin. (取而代之,用暖的敷布敷在脖子、胸部和腹股沟处)Don't attempt to warm the arms and legs. (不要尝试使手脚温暖)Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, (加热四肢迫使冷的血液回流入心脏、肺部和大脑)causing the core body temperature to drop. (导致核心体温降低)This can be fatal. (这会致命)

    2.Don't massage or rub the person. (不要摩擦或按摩患者)Handle people with hypothermia gently because they're at risk of cardiac arrest. (慢慢地恢复患者体温,因为他们正处于危险和心脏较衰弱之中)

    3.Don't provide alcoholic beverages. (不能提供含酒精的饮品)Alcohol lowers the body's ability to retain heat. (酒精会降低机体保持热量的能力)

    What a doctor may do(医生会怎样做)
    A doctor will be able to take steps to warm the body from the inside out, if
    necessary. (如果有必要,医生会逐步令患者从内而外地温暖起来)One method may involve giving the person warm fluids intravenously. (其中一个方法是给予患者温暖的静脉滴注)In severe cases of hypothermia, hemodialysis may restore normal body temperatures quickly. (在严重的“低体温症”病例,血液透析会很快地恢复患者正常体温)Hemodialysis is a medical procedure that removes extra fluid, chemicals and wastes from the blood by filtering the blood through an artificial kidney.(血液透析为一种医疗方法,使化学物质和水通过,即血液和透析液在透析器(人工肾)内借半透膜接触和浓度梯度进行物质交换) It's often used in people with kidney failure.(它通常用于肾衰竭病人) In a hypothermia situation, (在“低体温症”时)the blood is removed purely to warm it rapidly outside the body and then have it returned to the body.(血液能完全地在外界迅速温暖后重新输入身体)

    RELATED
    Hypothermia: First aid
    Frostbite: First aid
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    Jun 10, 2005
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